How to scale a website to support millions of users
We will illustrates the evolution of a simplified eCommerce website. It goes from a monolithic design on one single server, to a service-oriented/microservice architecture.
In our eCommerce example we have two services: inventory service (handles product descriptions and inventory management) and user service (handles user information, registration, login, etc.).
Step 1: With the growth of the user base, one single application server cannot handle the traffic anymore. We put the application server and the database server into two separate servers.
Step 2: The business continues to grow, and a single application server is no longer enough. So we deploy a cluster of application servers.
Step 3: Now the incoming requests have to be routed to multiple application servers, how can we ensure each application server gets an even load? The load balancer handles this nicely.
Step 4: With the business continuing to grow, the database might become the bottleneck. To mitigate this, we separate reads and writes in a way that frequent read queries go to read replicas. With this setup, the throughput for the database writes can be greatly increased.
Step 5: Suppose the business continues to grow. One single database cannot handle the load on both the inventory table and user table. We have a few options:
- Vertical partition. Adding more power (CPU, RAM, etc.) to the database server. It has a hard limit.
- Horizontal partition by adding more database servers.
- Adding a caching layer to offload read requests.
Step 6: Now we can modularize the functions into different services. The architecture becomes service-oriented / microservice.
